Prevention of Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Synthetic Formation Waters

A new graduated table inhibitor for bar of Ca carbonate precipitation in man-made formation Waterss Abstraction In this probe, a new repressive chemical composing was developed. The made inhibitor is based on the aqueous solutions of oxiethilidendiphosphone acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, polyethylene polyamine-N-methylphosphonic acid and isopropyl intoxicant to forestall the precipitation of Ca carbonate in a long clip operation of the well. The laboratory surveies of new inhibitor showed that the developed inhibitor has a greater suppression efficaciousness and continuance of desorption in comparing with the tried inhibitor SNPH-5312, which is widely used in the Fieldss in Russia to forestall the precipitation of Ca carbonate. The efficiency and corrosion aggressivity of new developed inhibitor were evaluated in three different man-made formation Waterss, which contained assorted ion concentrations and were disposed for precipitation of Ca carbonate. Introduction Huge sums of H2O are injected into the reservoir to keep the reservoir force per unit area at the needed degree, whereby, salt deposition occurs as a consequence of the H2O combination [ 1 ] . As the depletion of the oil field and its transportation to the late phase of development with increasing high H2O cut Wellss, scaling job is aggravated. Besides, there is the demand for backdown residuary oil, necessitating the usage of modern engineerings to better oil recovery, including physical and chemical exposure, which besides stimulates the deposition of salts. The chief grounds of deposition of salts are altering of thermobaric conditions in the procedure of production and the mutual exclusiveness of injected and formation Waterss [ 2 ] . Inorganic salts deposition on the interior surface of oilfield equipment takes topographic point in the procedure of field development of production of moire oil. Salt precipitation occurs in all operation methods of Wellss, but the most negative effects of scaling occur during oil production by electric submergible pumps ( ESPs ) [ 3 ] . Intense deposition of Ca carbonate on impellers ESP is due to the flow temperature addition of produced fluids, which is caused by the heat emanation of runing the submergible motor. Along with salt deposition in Wellss, intense salt precipitation is observed in the wellspring, oil grapevine assemblage, metering devices and installations for the readying of oil and besides in reservoir force per unit area care systems [ 4 ] . The procedure of precipitation of Ca carbonate occurs in three phases. In the first measure, ions of Ca combine with carbonate ions to organize the molecule. Following, molecules combine in microcrystals that serve as crystallisation centres for the reminder of the solution. Crystal aggregates grow and precipitate or attached to the walls of equipment at certain sizes [ 5, 6 ] . Calcium carbonate is found in the signifier of solid white crystals. Factors act uponing the formation of carbonate sedimentations include that formation H2O must be supersaturated with Ca, carbonate or hydrogen carbonate ions [ 7 ] . All control engineering of grading is divided into bar and remotion of scaling. The most effectual method is chemical method of bar by utilizing scale inhibitors. Basic technologies of inhibitor injection are divided as follows: reagent bringing into the wellbore and into the formation. Dose into the well is carried out by agencies of batcher dosing into the ring, into a given point along the capillary and the periodic injection into the ring through collectors. Dose into formation is done through squashing scale inhibitor, injection via injection Wellss ( in force per unit area care system ) , add-on of inhibitor by proppant during fracturing ( ScaleProp ) and injection of the inhibitor with the fracturing fluid during fracturing ( ScaleFrac ) [ 8, 9 ] . The intent of this work is increasing of operational efficiency of bring forthing Wellss by bar of formation of Ca carbonate in the downhole equipment, utilizing the developed inhibiting composing. Methods In the conducted research lab experiments for the readying of chemical solutions was used distilled H2O, in connexion with necessity to extinguish the influence on the belongingss of the composing and the consequences of experiments of ion finding, which were contained in different fresh H2O in assorted concentrations and ratios of their common concentrations. In the readying of look intoing composing harmonizing to the needed volume of the composing and concentrations of constituents, were weighed deliberate sum of H2O and reagents. Medical panpipes and high preciseness research lab balances were used for the exact values aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹of the reagents multitudes. Scale inhibitor should be to the full compatible with formation H2O without the precipitation formation while salvaging their belongingss [ 10 ] . For the analysis, man-made solution, the ionic composing of which is near to the composing of formation H2O, is prepared. Inhibitory belongingss mostly depend on the content of Ca in the formation Waterss. Therefore, the compatibility standards can be that if in the readying of the inhibitor solutions in the H2O with a certain content of Ca2+, turbidness is non observed within 24 hours, the inhibitor at a given concentration is considered compatible with the given H2O. The prepared graduated table inhibitor should be more effectual and stable. The effectivity of the inhibitor is evaluated by its consequence on formation H2O or man-made theoretical account of H2O. Using theoretical accounts provides high truth measurings [ 11 ] . Determination of an inhibitor ‘s effectivity is made by appraisal of mass alteration of precipitation, which is formed in mineralized H2O in the presence of inhibitor with regard to H2O with no inhibitor [ 12 ] . Calculation of the protective consequence of an inhibitor is carried out harmonizing to the equation: E % =? 100( 1 ) Where Tocopherol is the scale inhibitor efficiency, m0and m are the multitudes of salt precipitate in the H2O with inhibitor and without inhibitor in gm, severally. The new graduated table inhibitor must hold the low corrosiveness. Corrosiveness of the developed composing is evaluated through the mass decrease of mention samples after their submergence in the inhibitor solution. Corrosion aggressivity of reagents was evaluated by hydrometric method – the weight loss of the samples. The corrosion rate of samples ( denseness of steel samples is 7821 kg.m-3) was calculated from the equation: Voltdegree Celsiuss=( 2 ) Where Vdegree Celsiussis the corrosion rate of the used sample in mm/year, m1and m2are the mass of the metal samples before and after the trial in gm, severally, S is the surface country of samples in m2, t is the trial clip in hr. Scale inhibitors should hold good adsorption-desorption features, heat opposition and minimum toxicity [ 13 ] . Evaluation of surface assimilation and desorption ability of suppressing composing is performed through research lab filtering of suppressing solutions for nucleus samples. Filtration surveies of developed inhibitor on nucleus samples are investigated by utilizing the setup FDES-645 ( Formation Damage Evaluation System ) . Reservoir temperature and force per unit area conditions are applied when utilizing this setup. Result and treatment The consequences of surveies to find the ionic composing of the man-made formation Waterss are shown in table 1. Table 1. Characteristic of man-made formation WaterssParametersMan-made formation H2OFirstSecondThirdpH6.927.347.13Density, kg.m-3101210231018Ion content, mg/lHCO3–206541633122784Carbon monoxide32-108951547312871Chlorine–240508372Calcium2+171942146919836Milligram2+348952874173Sodium+10759741248K+647518692Entire dissolved salts, g/l54.1960.5661.98Type of H2O harmonizing to the Sulin ‘s systemChloride-calciumChloride-calciumChloride-calciumHarmonizing to the categorization Sulin ‘s system, all man-made formation Waterss are a Ca chloride type. Sulin ‘s system is more descriptive of crude oil formation Waterss than are the other systems [ 14 ] . The entire mineralization of Waterss is located in the scope of 54 – 62 g/l. The theoretical accounts of H2O have the big concentration of hydrogen carbonate, carbonate and Ca ions, which are the chief factor of formation of Ca carbonate salt in the H2O because formation H2O must be supersaturated with thes e ions to precipitate this salt [ 15 ] . The developed composing of inhibitor is evaluated by finding the residuary content of scale inhibitors in samples of liquid. The concentration finding of P of inhibitor in the formation H2O is based on the reaction of phosphate ion with molybdate in acerb medium [ 16 ] . The optical density ( optical denseness ) of the obtained solutions is measured by a exposure tintometer at length ?=540 nanometer in cells with an absorbing bed thickness of 30 millimeter. The optical denseness should non transcend one. Control sample is taken as a standard solution. Each sample is measured on photoelectrocolorimeter two or three times, the arithmetic obtained values are used for the consequence of measuring. From the obtained informations, a standardization curve is plotted by utilizing on the horizontal axis the concentration of inhibitor in mg/l, and on the perpendicular axis the magnitude of its matching optical denseness. As shown in figure 1, the ensuing values of the optical denseness are cor related with the standardization graph and the concentration of inhibitor is found in the trial solution as a consequence of the experiments. Figure 1. The alteration in optical denseness of the solution, depending on the content of the inhibitor in H2O Evaluation of the effectiveness action of graduated table inhibitors by their ability to forestall the salt precipitation were carried out in the liquid solution of man-made formation Waterss. Trials were performed at a temperature of 25 ?C at the exposure clip of 24 hours. The consequences are presented in table 2. Table 2. Evaluation of the effectivity graduated table inhibitorsScale inhibitor figureChemical composing of graduated table inhibitorScale suppression efficiency ( in 30 mg/l of inhibitor ) , %First H2OSecond H2OThird H2O1Oxiethilidendiphosphone acid 3 % , ammonium chloride 4 % , polyethylene polyamine-N-methylphosphonic acid 4 % , hydrochloric acid 10 % , isopropyl alcohol 2 % , H2O – balance9190922Oxiethilidendiphosphone acid 1 % , ammonium chloride 6 % , polyethylene polyamine-N-methylphosphonic acid 2 % , hydrochloric acid 5 % , isopropyl alcohol 6 % , H2O – balance8987883SNPH-5312, the composite reagent of P878581As shown in table 2, the consequences of the experiment revealed that the developed chemical composings have the necessary protective consequence ( effectivity of more than 85 % ) for Ca carbonate in dosing rate of 30 mg/l. The inhibitor figure 1 gives the higher effectivity for bar of Ca carbonate precipitation in all formation Waterss. The difference be tween the inhibitors figure one and two is the alteration in mass fraction of inhibitor constituents. Inhibitor SNPH-5312 is an industrial inhibitor for bar of Ca carbonate formation, which is used in oil field. This inhibitor is based on the composite reagent of P. Table 2 illustrates that SNPH-5312 can protect Ca carbonate formation up to 87 % . Surveies have been conducted to find the compatibility of scale inhibitors with the formation Waterss. All inhibitors were compatible in three man-made formation Waterss, and the consequences showed all the above chemical composing can be prepared in the formation Waterss. The usage of chemical reagents for forestalling the deposition of salts in the Wellss is associated with the usage of chemically aggressive environments. A scale inhibitor is anticorrosion if there is no opposing on the surface of the sample and corrosion rate does non transcend 0.1 mm /year. The caustic activity of above graduated table inhibitors was carried out by hydrometric method by utilizing metal home bases through soaking for 72 hours at 25 ?C. Table 3. Consequences of probe of the corrosion rate of graduated table inhibitorsScale inhibitorTest continuance, hourFirst H2OSecond H2OThird H2OMass decrease, gCorrosion rate, mm/yearMass decrease, gCorrosion rate, mm/yearMass decrease, gCorrosion rate, mm/year1720.00130.04040.00150.04670.00170.05292720.00170.05290.00190.05910.00200.06223720.00210.06530.00210.06530.00220.0684From the informations in table 3, it can be noted that all the above chemical composings showed an allowable corrosion rate ( less than 0.1 mm/year ) . Therefore, these reagents can be considered as reagents to forestall grading in Wellss. The initial concentrations of the reagents in suppressing composings are different, and so it is possible to compare the kineticss of the comparative concentrations of the solutions. The used nucleus samples had mean porousness of 20 % and permeableness of 70 mendeleviums. Figure 2 shows the consequences of finding of the comparative concentrations of the inhibitor reagents in the composings for the surface assimilation procedure at temperature of 120 ?C and force per unit area of 300 standard pressure. Laboratory surveies showed that the confining surface assimilation is achieved when pumping 14 pore volumes for suppressing composings figure 1 and 2, for complete surface assimilation of SNPH-5312, 15 pore volumes must be pumped. By comparing the comparative concentrations of reagents in figure 2 during surface assimilation, it can be concluded that the surface assimilation is faster when utilizing suppressing composings figure 1 and 2. Harmonizing figure 2, more unvarying surface as similation is observed in the composing figure 1. Figure 2. Concentration alterations of the inhibitor solution in the surface assimilation procedure in the nucleus Once the nucleus left for 24 hours to find the surface assimilation equilibrium, formation H2O is pumped into the nucleus to displace suppressing composing. Consequences of finding of the comparative concentrations of inhibitors are shown during the desorption procedure in figure 3. The optimum and recommended concentration of oxiethilidendiphosphone acid in the composing for field conditions, is 10-15 mg/l, it corresponds to the comparative concentration of 0.0001. Harmonizing to figure 2, utilizing the inhibitor SNPH-5312 can supply the needed remotion of the inhibitor, which is sufficient for effectual protection of precipitation of Ca carbonate, when pumping through the nucleus sample of 27 pore volumes of H2O. Effective protection against formation of Ca carbonate under similar conditions persists in pumping 37 pore volumes of H2O when utilizing the developed suppressing composing figure 1, and 32 pore volumes of H2O by composing figure 2. This demonstrates that the developed co mposing have 1.37 times greater continuance of desorption in comparing with the inhibitor SNPH-5312. ( a ) ( B ) Figure 3. Concentration changing of the inhibitor solution in the desorption procedure on the nucleus, ( a ) from 5 to 20 pore volumes, ( B ) from 20 to 40 Data analysis on remotion of considered repressive composings show that a important part of the free inhibitor ( non-adsorbed ) is passed in pumping the first two volumes of pore infinite. The efficiency of the developed composing is explained by the mechanism of influence on the stone acidic additives belonging to its composing. Decisions Inhibitory chemical composing was developed for the bar of deposition of Ca carbonate with an optimum ratio of constituent oxiethilidendiphosphone acid 3 % , ammonium chloride 4 % , polyethylene polyamine-N-methylphosphonic acid 4 % , hydrochloric acid 10 % , isopropyl alcohol 2 % , H2O – balance. The used graduated table inhibitor was evaluated in footings of influence on corrosion actions and it was in the scope of 0.040-0.053 mm/year when the maximal allowable rate is 0.1 mm/year. The new inhibitor was effectual for scale bar of Ca carbonate up to 92 % . The research lab surveies showed that the developed composings have about 1.37 times longer continuance in comparing with the desorption of the tried inhibitor SNPH-5312, which is widely used in the Fieldss for forestalling formation of Ca carbonate. Mentions [ 1 ] Chunfang Fan, Amy Kan, Ping Zhang, Haiping Lu, Sarah Work, Jie Yu, Mason Tomson. Scale Prediction and Inhibition for Oil and Gas Production at High Temperature/High Pressure. Society of Petroleum Engineers ( SPE ) 2012 ; 17 ( 2 ) : 379-392. Department of the interior: 10.2118/130690-PA [ 2 ] J. Moghadasi, H. Muller-Steinhagen, M. Jamialahmadia, A. Sharif, M. Model Study on the Dynamicss of Oil Field Formation Damage Due to Salt Precipitation from Injection. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 2004 ; 43 ( 3-4 ) : 201–217. Department of the interior: 10.1016/j.petrol.2004.02.014 [ 3 ] Neil Poynton, Alan Miller, Dmitry Konyukhov, Andre Leontieff, Ilgiz Ganiev, Alexander Voloshin. Squashing Scale Inhibitors to Protect Electric Submersible Pumps in Highly Fractured, Calcium Carbonate Scaling Reservoirs. Presented at the SPE Russian Oil and Gas Technical Conference and Exhibition28-30 October 2008 ; Moscow, Russia. ( in Russian ) . Department of the interior: 10.2118/115195-RU [ 4 ] Mackay EJ. Scale Inhibitor Application in Injection Wells to Protect Against Damage to Production Wells: When does it Work. Presented at SPE European Formation Damage Conference 25-27 May 2005 ; Scheveningen, Netherlands. Department of the interior: 10.2118/95022-MS [ 5 ] Mona El-Said, Mahmoud Ramzi, Thanaa Abdel-Moghny. Analysis of oilfield Waterss by ion chromatography to find the composing of scale deposition. Desalination 2009 ; 249 ( 2 ) : 748-756. Department of the interior: 10.1016/j.desal.2008.12.061 [ 6 ] Tomson, N.B. , G. Fu, M.A. Watson, A.T. Kan. Mechanisms of mineral scale suppression. Society of Petroleum Engineers ( SPE ) 2003 ; 18 ( 3 ) : 192-199. Department of the interior: 10.2118/84958-PA [ 7 ] T. Kumar, S. Vishwanatham, S.S. Kundu. A research lab survey on pteroyl-l-glutamic acid as a scale bar inhibitor of Ca carbonate in aqueous solution of man-made produced H2O. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 2010 ; 71 ( 1-2 ) : 1-7.s DOI:10.1016/j.petrol.2009.11.014 [ 8 ] Khormali A, Petrakov D. Scale Inhibition and its Effectss on the Demulsification and Corrosion Inhibition. International Journal of Petroleum and Geoscience Engineering 2014 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 22-33. [ 9 ] Olesya Vladimirovna Levanyuk, Alexander M. Overin, Almaz Sadykov, Sergey Parkhonyuk, Bernhard R. Lungwitz, Philippe Enkababian, Alexander Vladimirovich Klimov, Sergey Legeza. A 3-Year Results of Application a Combined Scale Inhibition and Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments utilizing a Novel Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid, Russia. Presented at the SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Oilfield Scale 30–31 May 2012 ; Aberdeen, UK. Department of the interior: 10.2118/155243-MS [ 10 ] Richard A. Dawe, Yuping Zhang. Dynamicss of Ca carbonate scaling utilizing observations from glass micromodels. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 1997 ; 18 ( 3-4 ) : 179-187. Department of the interior: 10.1016/S0920-4105 ( 97 ) 00017-X [ 11 ] Matty JM, Tomson MB. Effect of multiple precipitation inhibitors on Ca carbonate nucleation. Applied Geochemistry 1988 ; 3 ( 5 ) : 549-556. Department of the interior: 10.1016/0883-2927 ( 88 ) 90026-1 [ 12 ] Drela I, Falewicz P, Kuczkowska S. New rapid trial for rating of scale inhibitors. Water Research 1998 ; 32 ( 10 ) : 3188-3191. DOI:10.1016/S0043-1354 ( 98 ) 00066-9 [ 13 ] Ada Villafafila Garcia, Kaj Thomsen, Erling H. Stenby. Prediction of mineral graduated table formation in geothermic and oilfield operations utilizing the Extended UNIQUAC theoretical account: Part II. Geothermics 2006 ; 35 ( 3 ) : 239-284. Department of the interior: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2006.03.001 [ 14 ] A. G. Ostroff, Comparison of Some Formation Water Classification Systems, AAPG bulletin American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1967 ; 51 ( 3 ) : 404-416. [ 15 ] Chen T, Neville A, Yuan M. Calcium carbonate graduated table formation—assessing the initial phases of precipitation and deposition. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 2005 ; 46 ( 3 ) : 185-194. Department of the interior: 10.1016/j.petrol.2004.12.004 [ 16 ] MacAdam J, Parsons SA. Calcium carbonate graduated table formation and control. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 2004 ; 3 ( 2 ) : 159-169. DOI:10.1007/s11157-004-3849-1

Financial Globalization in Modern Business

Financial Globalization in Modern Business Introduction Globalization can be defined as a force or a process that connects more and more people across heretofore-impermeable economic and social boundaries. This means that people become connected across large distances with the assistance of information technology and human transport. This process can also be seen as the advancement of human co-operation across national boundaries, therefore making the world a global village.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Globalization in Modern Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Globalization is a term that is often used to explain todays world. Its terminology has gradually been accepted by the greater public and various scholarly personalities have integrated it as a vocabulary it into their field of research. Globalization has also increased the inclusiveness and the unification of economic systematization, global relations, and has led to a trend of doi ng business in different organizations (Suder, 2007). Proponents of big businesses look at globalization as a blueprint of a straightforward policy agenda that promotes economic growth, increased trade, and integration into the global economy. Therefore, from this perspective, globalization is viewed as unequivocally benevolent and corporations are seen to be leading the way towards spreading the benefits of globalization around the world. Globalization as a trend of doing business The American way of doing business has co-opted globalization into commercial Americanization of and by non-American firms. Post World War 2 saw many American companies expanding into foreign markets while also seeking some mystical formula for success in Japanese management techniques. Asian, European, African, and Latin American firms quietly and gradually learned, refined, and adopted the U.S. business models and practices the American way, while consumerism was still capturing Americans hearts and min ds (Mott, 2004). American businesses have successfully penetrated world markets by largely relying on adding local flavor to a product that has proven successful in home markets such as the McDonalds model of globalization. To expand market penetration into commercial success, U.S. firms have uniformly presented instrumental reason and standardization to integrate those markets into a global economy. Those firms that have succeeded at going global have recognized that the American model is as deep as it is broad and as local as it is global. The successful firms have learned to adapt to local tastes, identify what appeals to or offends the local customers, and change cultural and political climates even while standardizing.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The managers of these organizations are therefore periodically required to maintain a delicate balance between acting locally and thinking globally. This line of thought has led to companies in smaller countries such as Nestle in Switzerland and Heineken in the Netherlands, recognize that their domestic markets were too small to sustain much growth and therefore moved into the international arena, with controlling market costs and reducing labor costs being on their main agenda. The European Union (EU) has also played a significant role in the international business environment by signing trade agreements with different strategic partners, and this has led to the globalization of many of its corporations. The EU has intensive trade agreements with the U.S on integration, business dialogue, and dialogue between consumers, trade unionists and environmentalists, which talks about competition law and recognition of technical standards. The agreement further implies on scientific and technological co-operation, on extradition, on mutual legal assistance, and the cooperation on satellite navigatio n systems (Suder, 2007). The managers of these corporations will therefore be forced to redesign their organizations to act according to these agreements. The trading power of the member states is embodied by its role as the worlds leading exporter of goods. Member states also enjoy comparatively sound GDP on a country-to-country basis. Such an agreement has assisted the EU member states to penetrate the U.S market through their various corporations, and as compared to other trade powers globally, Europe benefits from an exceptional business environment. This can be seen through the following table; Table 1.0 Worldwide exports of the EU Country Percentage of total Percentage of total EU-15 Trade EU-25 trade USA 21.0 % 23.3 % Switzerland 6.5 % 7.4 % China 5.8 % 6.5 % Japan 5.6 % 6.4 % Russia 3.9 % 5.3 % (Suder, 2007) Implications of globalization towards organizational behavior The environment of business has changed at an unprecedented rate, and the understanding an d addressing of this environment has been left to top managers of these businesses. The most significant source of change today that is impacting many organizations is the increasing globalization of organizations and management. The primary concerns are the employee and managerial behavior in an organizational setting.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Globalization in Modern Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More a) Human (employee) behavior towards organizational globalization Most organizations do tend to take an international out-look with the globalization of its companies. Firstly, cultural and national boundaries do not necessarily coincide. Some areas of Switzerland are very much like Italy, other parts like France, and still other parts like Germany. Similarly, within the U.S there are large cultural differences across the West coast and the East coast. This therefore sets the stage for behavior al variance across cultures on the international management of these organizations. Employees in companies based in Japan, the U.S, and Germany are likely to have different attitudes and patterns of behavior, therefore behavioral patterns are likely to be widespread and pervasive within an organization. Secondly with culture being a major cause of this variation, the shared values often taken for granted, that help people in a group or organization may conflict with the organizations policies (Mott, 2004). Although the causes and consequences of behavior within organizational settings remains quite diver across cultures, organizational structures still appear to be increasingly similar. The managerial practices at a general level may be more and more alike, but the people who work within organizations still differ noticeably and this may affect organizational effectiveness. b) Managerial role towards Organizational Globalization Individual variations in people from different culture s shape the behavior of managers and their ability to manage, just as with employee variations. In general these differences relate to managerial beliefs about the role of authority and power in the organization. For instance, due some culture variations, some managers may tend to believe that the purpose of an organization structure is to let everyone know who his or her boss is, in relation to medium to high power structures. Also to some financial managers language barrier may hinder them from doing international business, for their lack of understanding what other foreign competitors are doing, and so they may need a guide to capital markets or a translator (Mott, 2004). These barriers may hinder managers from taking the right approach in important decisions within an organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Implications of globalization towards world economy Globalization is good for market exchange, for businesses, and also to those who have a propertied stake in the economy and also good for consumers. The rise in efficiency that globalization engenders does increase consumers options and reduces the price of some goods and services, this therefore means that the average consumer has more spending power and access to better variety of products. Foods such as corn, mango, tomatoes, strawberries and avocado, do not have to be eaten seasonally due to its availability or not, as today, grocery stores are ripe with all varieties of fruits and vegetables year-round. All this has been made possible due to the trend of organizational partnerships, globalization has therefore given consumers access to perpetual growing seasons. Apart from making this positive step towards strengthening world economies, globalization has been seen to favor wealthy nations, especially the economic elites in tho se countries, as well as the well-to- do in less well-off nations. The poor have been exploited across the board and they do not share in the wealth generated by globalization from above. In reference to international management, most organizations tend to be bias when it comes to employing and do give high positions to one of their own, and the local communities where such organizations are situated, tend to go at loss. Similarly, power is linked to globalization from above while a relative lack of power is linked to globalization from below. Executive Summary Through fortunate or unfortunate historical events, we have seen here how globalization progressed and rose amid these occasions, such as the World War 2 period. Also through innovations in the information technology sector, globalization has been driven across the international waters and territories, therefore bringing a climate of business and investment. It has also led to signing of major international trade agreements s uch as the one between the U.S and EU, which has not only impacted the economies of the two regions, but the world at large. Although globalization has taken a master concept in the world today, it has also attracted critics with powerful attacks against it with concerns of national interests being a major issue. Despite all these concerns, globalization is not an accident and will not be easily stopped. It is the result of long-standing policies between different nations and organizations, and this has seen the United States and other countries create a strong integrative force in the global economy. Many countries and communities have utilized and embarked on the opportunities created by globalization, and this has led to the increase and rise in their economies. Although in some areas it has led to insecurity and lack of control to their economies, which they once had. The model of globalization has also risen on issues concerning cost manipulation on certain products from these companies due to the control which they have on the markets. However, globalization has the potential of raising collateral profits which may help sustain economic growth in the long run. Due to the rapid growth of globalization, some corporations may imply some indirect methods of channeling their businesses, which may have a negative impact on various economies. Major differences are also observed in international management and relations within organizations and culture variations do tend to leave a dent towards globalization. Manager- employee relationship leaves a lot to be desired with concerns of employment biasness being rampant. Managers have a hard time accessing the organizations new global perspective and therefore have to address the local concerns which may take them precious time, this will make their decisions and assertion of power quite cumbersome. Despite these challenges, globalization has opened up doors for international interaction with new and innovative idea s being shared. Conclusion A massive cloud and attitude of openness is required in matters dealing with financial globalization. The effective gains made by globalization can only be sustained and progressed if lawmakers in different countries come up with laws that will expose and cub any malicious acts that various organizations may convey when conducting their businesses. These laws can be better achieved if different trade organizations and partners have a mutual understanding on the same. These agreements and laws should not be seen to favor a particular country or trading bloc, and the minority countries, or people should not be exploited in the process. In relation to international management, various organizations should also come up with an induction course for managers so that they may adapt and learn the local cultures and environment for better relations with employees and locals. The attitude of globalization as a trend of doing business has created an open market and n ew opportunities that if well managed can have a positive economic and social impact to the greater society. References Mott, W. H. (2004). Globalization: People, Perspectives, and Progress. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN-0275979172, 9780275979171. Suder, G. (2007). Doing Business in Europe. London: SAGE Publications. ISBN-1412918464, 9781412918466.

Lab5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lab5 - Essay Example The coal is received in chunk form and is then crushed into powder and blown into a burner where it combusts and produces heat of about 1000 degrees. The heat made is used to heat water into steam. The steam is then used to revolve the blades of a turbine. The turning motion then generates electricity by releasing electrons into a circuit (exp.lcc.edu). The smoke seen is coming from the plant is actually the gases of combustion e.g. carbon dioxide. According to (Edward & Grossman, 18) the two major concerns of burning coal includes pollution caused by emissions of contaminants like sulfur dioxide nitrogen oxides and mercury. To control this kind of gas pollution, the plant uses electrostatic precipitators that have electrically charged plates and wires. These are used to attract airborne contaminates as the hot air passes through it thus controlling pollution of the atmosphere (exp.lcc.edu). The cost of electricity usually depends on the number of people living in a house. My bill shows that we pay $1.50 per day for electricity. This cost can be reduced by turning off the lights when, not in use, also using energy saving light bulbs and electronics that are in good working condition in the house. The Lansing Board is a plant that supplies drinking water, fire protection and electricity to the citizens of Lansing. The board is a municipally owned utility, and it is different since it is a public utility and the customers own the system. The citizens of Lansing own the plant since they are the plant’s customers. The plant does not make any profit a quality that also makes it different from other power producing plants (lbwl.com). To conserve water, I would fix leaking faucets and use a cup when brushing teeth. A lot of water usually goes to waste when brushing since we leave the water running the whole time. Using a cup saves water that could otherwise be

Global Trends in Corporate Power Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Trends in Corporate Power - Assignment Example However, the 1970s experienced a failure of the Keynesian economic policies to address unemployment and inflation issues. Conservative politicians fought for the growth of large corporations by faulting the enforcement of anti-trust laws and lowering tax rates on corporations.The fall of the Eastern Bloc nations and the Soviet Union near the end of the twentieth century also gave room for the spread of free-market capitalism. Capitalism played a crucial role in enhancing quick expansion of large American corporations such as Coke, McDonald's, and Levis into new markets that had been dominated by Communist countries. International agreements on free trade and privatization are fueling the removal of trade barriers. Corporations are now riding on preferential treatment by nations. Their impacts on people’s welfare are felt from Wall Street to the poorest country on the globe.Global distribution of Multinational Corporations (MNC) suggests the vast influence of corporate power. T he United Nations reported that there were approximately 75000 MNCs operating globally in 2005. The developed industrial economies boast of being the mother countries of about three-quarters of the MNCs. Denmark is a home to 12% of the total MNCs, followed by South Korea. Germany follows with 8%, then Japan (7%), China (5%) and lastly U.S. (3%). India and Brazil are the leading developing countries that home a significant number of MNCs. However, a greater share of the geographic distribution of only the very largest corporations is in U.S. and Japan.